Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Show: 20 | 50 | 100
Results 1 - 20 de 21
Filter
1.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 117: e220089, 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1406000

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND Black fungi of the Herpotrichiellaceae family are agents of chromoblastomycosis and phaeohyphomycosis. There are few therapeutic options for these infections and it is common to associate antifungal drugs in their treatment. OBJECTIVES To investigate the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) Pathogen Box® for possible compounds presenting synergism with antifungal drugs used to treat black fungal infections. METHODS An initial screening of the Pathogen Box® compounds was performed in combination with itraconazole or terbinafine at sub-inhibitory concentrations against Fonsecaea pedrosoi. Hits were further tested against eight Herpotrichiellaceae using the checkerboard method. FINDINGS No synergism was observed with terbinafine. MMV687273 (SQ109) and MMV688415 showed synergism with itraconazole against F. pedrosoi. Synergism of these compounds was confirmed with some black fungi by the checkerboard method. SQ109 and itraconazole presented synergism for Exophiala dermatitidis, F. pedrosoi, F. monophora and F. nubica, with fungicidal activity for F. pedrosoi and F. monophora. MMV688415 presented synergism with itraconazole only for F. pedrosoi, with fungicidal activity. The synergic compounds had high selectivity index values when combined with itraconazole. MAIN CONCLUSIONS These compounds in combination, particularly SQ109, are promising candidates to treat Fonsecaea spp. and E. dermatitidis infections, which account for most cases of chromoblastomycosis and phaeohyphomycosis.

2.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 113(1): 68-70, Jan. 2018. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1040580

ABSTRACT

There is a paucity of studies on the cell biology of Sporothrix luriei, the less common of the pathogenic Sporothrix species worldwide. The production of DHN-melanin, eumelanin, and pyomelanin were evaluated on the mycelial and yeast forms of the S. luriei ATCC 18616 strain. The mycelial form of this species produced only pyomelanin, which protected the fungus against environmental stressors such as ultraviolet light, heat, and cold. The yeast form was unable to produce any of the tested melanin types. The lack of melanin in the parasitic form of S. luriei may be an explanation for its low frequency in human infections.


Subject(s)
Sporothrix/metabolism , Melanins/biosynthesis
3.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 112(5): 376-381, May 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-841795

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND Sporothrix brasiliensis is the most virulent sporotrichosis agent. This species usually responds to antifungal drugs, but therapeutic failure can occur in some patients. Antifungal susceptibility tests have been performed on this species, but no clinical breakpoints (CBPs) are available. In this situation, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) distributions and epidemiological cutoff values (ECVs) support the detection of identification of resistant strains. OBJECTIVES To study the MIC distributions of five antifungal drugs against S. brasiliensis and to propose tentative ECVs. METHODS MICs of amphotericin B (AMB), itraconazole (ITR), ketoconazole (KET), posaconazole (POS), and terbinafine (TRB) against 335 S. brasiliensis strains were determined by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute broth microdilution method. FINDINGS The proposed ECV, in µg/mL, for AMB, ITR, KET, POS, and TRB were 4.0, 2.0, 1.0, 2.0, and 0.25, respectively. Percentages of wild-type strains in our population for the above antifungal drugs were 98.48, 95.22, 95.33, 100, and 97.67%, respectively. MAIN CONCLUSIONS These ECVs will be useful to detect strains with resistance, to define CBPs, and to elaborate specific therapeutic guidelines for S. brasiliensis. Rational use of antifungals is strongly recommended to avoid the emergence of resistant strains and ensure the therapeutic effectiveness of sporotrichosis.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Cats , Sporothrix/drug effects , Triazoles/pharmacology , Amphotericin B/pharmacology , Itraconazole/pharmacology , Ketoconazole/pharmacology , Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Naphthalenes/pharmacology , Drug Resistance , Cats , Anti-Infective Agents
4.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 112(3): 214-219, Mar. 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1040568

ABSTRACT

Since the description of Candida orthopsilosis and C. metapsilosis in 2005, several methods have been proposed to identify and differentiate these species from C. parapsilosis sensu stricto. Species-specific uniplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed and compared with sequencing of the D1/D2 region of the LSU 28S rDNA gene, microsatellite typing of C. parapsilosis sensu stricto, and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns in the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the rDNA gene. There was agreement between results of testing of 98 clinical isolates with the four PCR-based methods, with 59 isolates identified as C. parapsilosis sensu stricto, 37 as C. orthopsilosis, and two as C. metapsilosis.


Subject(s)
Humans , Candida/isolation & purification , Mycological Typing Techniques/methods , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length , Candida/classification , Candida/genetics , DNA, Fungal/analysis , Polymerase Chain Reaction , DNA Fingerprinting , Sequence Analysis, DNA , DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics , Genotype
5.
Braz. oral res. (Online) ; 31: e16, 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-839530

ABSTRACT

Abstract Recent studies investigating protease-activated receptor type 2 (PAR-2) suggest an association between the receptor and periodontal inflammation. It is known that gingipain, a bacterial protease secreted by the important periodontopathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis can activate PAR-2. Previous studies by our group found that PAR-2 is overexpressed in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with moderate chronic periodontitis (MP). The present study aimed at evaluating whether PAR-2 expression is associated with chronic periodontitis severity. GCF samples and clinical parameters, including plaque and bleeding on probing indices, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level, were collected from the control group (n = 19) at baseline, and from MP patients (n = 19) and severe chronic periodontitis (SP) (n = 19) patients before and 6 weeks after periodontal non-surgical treatment. PAR-2 and gingipain messenger RNA (mRNA) in the GCF of 4 periodontal sites per patient were evaluated by Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR). PAR-2 and gingipain expressions were greater in periodontitis patients than in control group patients. In addition, the SP group presented increased PAR-2 and gingipain mRNA levels, compared with the MP group. Furthermore, periodontal treatment significantly reduced (p <0.05) PAR-2 expression in patients with periodontitis. In conclusion, PAR-2 is associated with chronic periodontitis severity and with gingipain levels in the periodontal pocket, thus suggesting that PAR-2 expression in the GCF reflects the severity of destruction during periodontal infection.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Gingival Crevicular Fluid/chemistry , Receptor, PAR-2/analysis , Chronic Periodontitis/pathology , Reference Values , Severity of Illness Index , Cysteine Endopeptidases/analysis , Biomarkers/analysis , Case-Control Studies , Gene Expression , Periodontal Index , Dental Plaque Index , Periodontal Attachment Loss , Porphyromonas gingivalis , Statistics, Nonparametric , Adhesins, Bacterial/analysis
6.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 111(1): 51-58, Jan. 2016. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-771081

ABSTRACT

This study evaluated the antifungal susceptibility profile and the production of potential virulence attributes in a clinical strain of Candida nivariensis for the first time in Brazil, as identified by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1-5.8S-ITS2 region and D1/D2 domains of the 28S of the rDNA. For comparative purposes, tests were also performed with reference strains. All strains presented low planktonic minimal inhibitory concentrations (PMICs) to amphotericin B (AMB), caspofungin (CAS), and voriconazole. However, our strain showed elevated planktonic MICs to posaconazole (POS) and itraconazole, in addition to fluconazole resistance. Adherence to inert surfaces was conducted onto glass and polystyrene. The biofilm formation and antifungal susceptibility on biofilm-growing cells were evaluated by crystal violet staining and a XTT reduction assay. All fungal strains were able to bind both tested surfaces and form biofilm, with a binding preference to polystyrene (p < 0.001). AMB promoted significant reductions (≈50%) in biofilm production by our C. nivariensis strain using both methodologies. This reduction was also observed for CAS and POS, but only in the XTT assay. All strains were excellent protease producers and moderate phytase producers, but lipases were not detected. This study reinforces the pathogenic potential of C. nivariensis and its possible resistance profile to the azolic drugs generally used for candidiasis management.


Subject(s)
Humans , Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Candida/drug effects , Candidiasis/microbiology , Brazil , Biofilms/drug effects , Candida/classification , Candida/isolation & purification , Candida/pathogenicity , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Phenotype , Virulence
7.
Rev. eletrônica enferm ; 17(1): 51-59, 20153101. ilus
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS, BDENF, RHS | ID: biblio-832402

ABSTRACT

O objetivo foi construir indicadores de avaliação de processo para um curso de graduação de enfermagem. Conferência de Consenso, realizada por especialistas a partir de matriz inicial, contendo 209 indicadores em quatro áreas de competência do curso que, após três etapas de conferência, validaram os indicadores. A análise realizada com a média e o desvio padrão de cada indicador levou à matriz final que contemplou 87 indicadores. Os especialistas concordaram que todos os indicadores deveriam constar nas quatro séries do Curso de Enfermagem, considerando-se o grau de autonomia do estudante em cada série, por ser um currículo integrado e orientado por competência. Os indicadores poderão subsidiar gestores locais na avaliação de processo do Curso de Enfermagem, mas também são indicados a outros gestores de cursos da área da saúde que utilizem um currículo por competência e metodologias ativas de ensino e aprendizagem


The objective of this study was to build process assessment indicators for a nursing undergraduate course. The indicators were validated after three stages of a consensus conference, developed by experts based on an initial matrix with 209 indicators, in four areas of competence of the course. The analysis, performed with the mean and standard deviation of each indicator, led to the final matrix, comprising 87 indicators. The experts agreed that all indicators should be in the four stages of the nursing course program, considering the degree of autonomy of the undergraduate in each stage, and the fact that it is an integrated course, oriented by competences. The indicators may support local managers in the process assessment of the nursing course, as well as help other course managers in the health area use a program oriented by competences and active learning and teaching methodologies.


Se objetivó construir indicadores de evaluación de proceso para un curso de grado de enfermería. Conferencia de Consenso, realizada por especialistas a partir de matriz inicial incluyendo 209 indicadores en cuatro áreas de competencia del curso, que luego de tres etapas de conferencia validaron los indicadores. El análisis realizado con el promedio y el desvío estándar de cada indicador determinó la matriz final, que contempló 87 indicadores. Los especialistas concordaron en que todos los indicadores deberían constar en las cuatro series del Curso de Enfermería, considerándose el grado de autonomía del estudiante en cada serie por ser un programa integrado y orientado por competencia. Los indicadores podrán ayudar a administradores locales en la evaluación de proceso del Curso de Enfermería, y también ofrecerlo a otros gestores de cursos del área de salud que utilicen un programa por competencia y metodologías activas de enseñanza y aprendizaje


Subject(s)
Consensus Development Conference , Competency-Based Education , Education, Nursing
8.
Epidemiol. serv. saúde ; 23(2): 347-354, jun. 2014. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-716858

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: descrever a mortalidade de idosos por doenças cardiovasculares, respiratórias e neoplasias no município de Marília-SP, Brasil. Métodos: estudo descritivo da mortalidade pelos grupos de três doenças segundo a Décima Revisão da Classificação Estatística Internacional de Doenças e Problemas Relacionados à Saúde (CID-10), nos períodos 1998-2000 e 2005-2007; utilizaram-se registros do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (Sim) e calcularam-se os coeficientes de mortalidade por idade e sexo. Resultados: doenças do aparelho circulatório lideraram as causas de mortalidade dos idosos (39,25 por cento); houve declínio da mortalidade por neoplasias em ambos os sexos e na faixa etária de 60-69 anos, câncer da próstata nos homens (-83,36 por cento) e de mama nas mulheres (-70,96 por cento); óbitos por doenças do aparelho respiratório aumentaram aos 80 e mais anos, em homens (+39,31 por cento) e mulheres (+57,92 por cento). Conclusão: a mortalidade dos idosos por doenças cardiovasculares e neoplasias apresentou declínio, enquanto aumentou por doenças respiratórias na faixa etária =80 anos.


Objective: to describe elderly mortality from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and neoplasms in Marilia (SP). Methods: this is a descriptive study of mortality from three diseases as defined by the 10th International Classification of Diseases, between 1998-2000 and 2005-2007. Mortality Information System records were used. Mortality rates by age and sex were calculated. Results: circulatory diseases were the main causes of death among the elderly (39.25 per cent). Neoplasm decline was noticed in both sexes and in those aged 60-69, particularly prostate cancer in men (-83.86 per cent) and breast cancer (-70.96 per cent) in this age group. Deaths from respiratory diseases increased in patients aged 80 and older: 39.31 per cent in men and 57.92 per cent in women. Conclusion: mortality from circulatory diseases and neoplasms among the elderly showed a decline, with increased mortality from respiratory system problems in patients 80 years of age and older.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Chronic Disease/mortality , Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality , Respiratory Tract Diseases/mortality , Health of the Elderly , Neoplasms/mortality , Epidemiology, Descriptive
9.
Texto & contexto enferm ; 22(1): 97-105, Jan.-Mar. 2013. tab
Article in English | BDENF, LILACS | ID: lil-669661

ABSTRACT

O estudo avaliou a formação em enfermagem ancorada na problematização e na aprendizagem baseada em problemas a partir da percepção dos egressos. Trata-se de estudo transversal de natureza ex-post-facto. Os resultados foram analisados na triangulação das abordagens quantitativa e qualitativa e na perspectiva hermenêutica dialética. Na abordagem quantitativa 180 egressos responderam um questionário. Na qualitativa, 14 participaram das entrevistas, que buscaram sentidos relacionados ao cuidado ideal, para construção dos indicadores que revelassem a lógica da avaliação. Esses indicadores nortearam a escolha das questões para triangulação. Os resultados apontaram que 85,1% dos egressos estão inseridos no mercado de trabalho, 92,1% cursaram pós-graduação e 99,1% acreditam apresentar formação necessária ao cuidado ético, humanizado e fundamentado. A análise dos dados aponta para formação comprometida com a construção da autonomia e do conhecimento, bem como articulada aos princípios do Sistema Único de Saúde e do mundo do trabalho em enfermagem.


This present study evaluated nursing education based on problem-solving and learning based on problems originating from alumni's perceptions. This is an ex-post-facto cross-sectional study. Results were analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative approaches triangulation and through dialectical hermeneutics. In the quantitative approach 180 alumni answered a questionnaire. The qualitative approach involved 14 interviews that searched for meanings related to the notion of ideal care, in order to build indicators that would reveal this evaluation logic. These indicators guided the choice of triangulation questions. Results demonstrated that 85.1% of alumni are working in the nursing market, 92.1% have taken a post-graduate course and 99.1% believe they have the education required to deliver ethical, humanized and founded care. Data analysis demonstrates a compromised education as autonomy and knowledge are being built, and articulated to the Single Health System and the world nursing principles.


El estudio objetivó evaluar los resultados de la formación en enfermería anclada en la problematización y en el aprendizaje basado en problemas desde la percepción de los propios egresados. Estudio transversal y de naturaleza ex-post-facto. Los resultados fueron analizados en por la triangulación de métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos y la perspectiva hermenéutica dialéctica. En el abordaje cuantitativo 180 egresados respondieron un cuestionario. En el cualitativo, 14 participaron de entrevistas, relatando sus pensamientos relacionados al cuidado ideal, para la construcción de indicadores que revelasen la lógica de la evaluación. Esos indicaron nortearon las cuestiones para la triangulación. Los resultados mostraron: 85,1% de los graduados están en el mercado laboral, 92,1% asistieron al posgrado y 99,1% creen presentar una formación necesaria al cuidado ético, humanizado y fundamentado. Los datos resaltan una formación comprometida con la construcción de autonomía y conocimiento y articulada a los principios del Sistema Único de Salud y del mundo laboral en enfermería.


Subject(s)
Humans , Educational Measurement , Integrality in Health , Nursing Care
10.
Rio de Janeiro; s.n; 2012. 92 p. ilus, tab.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-728001

ABSTRACT

Dentre as espécies de Candida não-albicans, Candida parapsilosis vem emergindo como importante patógeno de infecções fúngicas invasivas com disseminação hematogênica nas últimas décadas em diferentes continentes, principalmente, na Europa e na América Latina. C. parapsilosis foi considerada por muito tempo um complexo de três grupos distintos nomeados I, II e III. Tavanti et al (2005), baseado na tipagem da sequência multilocus (MLST), propôs o reconhecimento dos grupos II e III, como duas novas espécies: C. orthopsilosis e C. metapsilosis, respectivamente, mantendo o grupo I como C. parapsilosis stricto sensu. Até agora só tem sido possível distinguir essas três espécies por análise molecular. Métodos comerciais para testes de susceptibilidade aos antifúngicos vêm sendo utilizados para avaliar o comportamento de Candida spp. frente às drogas de uso clínico, incluindo o Etest® e o sistema Vitek® 2. Neste trabalho, estes dois métodos foram comparados ao método de referência de microdiluição em caldo pelo CLSI (M27-A3) para determinar a susceptibilidade in vitro de isolados clínicos do complexo psilosis aos fármacos antifúngicos anfotericina B, fluconazol, voriconazol e itraconazol. Um total de 53 isolados do complexo psilosis oriundos de hemoculturas obtidas de pacientes hospitalizados no município do Rio de Janeiro, entre 1998 e 2006, associados a episódios de fungemia, foram analisados. Cinquenta e um isolados foram discriminados pela PCR, utilizando primers espécie-específicos, e dois isolados, pelo sequenciamento, sendo caracterizados como C. parapsilosis stricto sensu (75,4 porcento), C. orthopsilosis (20,8 porcento) e C. metapsilosis (3,8 porcento). Os testes de susceptibilidade aos antifúngicos indicaram que a maioria dos isolados de C. parapsilosis stricto sensu foi sensível a todos os fármacos testados. Entretanto, um único isolado de C. parapsilosis stricto sensu apresentou uma CIM = 2 [g/mL para a anfotericina B. Três isolados de C. orthopsilosis apresentaram CIM entre 2 e 8 [g/mL para o fluconazol pelo Etest® e Vitek® 2 e CIM entre 0,19 e 0,25 [g/mL para o itraconazol pelo Etest®. Os isolados de C. metapsilosis foram sensíveis a todos os fármacos testados. A concordância essencial entre Etest® ou Vitek® 2 com CLSI foi excelente (100 porcento), exceto para o itraconazol (90,9 porcento). Por outro lado, a concordância categórica foi 72,7 porcento para o itraconazol pelo Etest® e 100 porcento para os outros fármacos por ambos os métodos. Para anfotericina B, a concordância categórica foi de 100 porcento para o Etest® e de 97,5 porcento pelo Vitek® 2 em relação ao CLSI. Este estudo reforça a importância dos métodos Etest® e Vitek® 2 que podem ser empregados nos laboratórios rotineiros de microbiologia clínica para monitorar e detectar diferenças no perfil de susceptibilidade aos antifúngicos dos isolados de C. parapsilosis stricto sensu, C. orthopsilosis e C. metapsilosis.


Among non-albicans Candida species, Candida parapsilosis has emerged as an important agent of invasive fungal infections, and several cases associated with fungemia have been reported worldwide in last decade, mostly in Europe and Latin America. For many years, C. parapsilosis has been characterized as a complex composed of three genetically distinct groups (groups I, II, and III). Tavanti et al. (2005) based on multilocus sequence typing (MLST) technique, proposed the recognition of groups II and III as two different species: C. orthopsilosis and C. metapsilosis, respectively, maintaining the group I as C. parapsilosissensu stricto. Up to now only has been possible to distinguish these three species just by molecular analysis. Commercial antifungal susceptibility methods including Etest® and Vitek® 2 system have been used to test the antifungal susceptibility of Candida spp. In this study, these methods were compared to the CLSI broth microdilution (BMD) reference method to determine in vitro susceptibility of clinical C. parapsilosis complex isolates to amphotericin B, fluconazole, voriconazole, and itraconazole. A total of 53 C. parapsilosis complex isolates from blood cultures obtained of patients who were hospitalized in the city of Rio de Janeiro between 1998 and 2006 associated with episodes of fungemia were analysed. Fifty-one isolates were discriminated by PCR using species-specific primers and two isolates by sequencing, being characterized as C. parapsilosis sensu stricto (75.4 percent), C. orthopsilosis(20.8 percent), and C. metapsilosis (3.8 percent). Antifungal susceptibility tests indicated that most of C. parapsilosis sensu stricto isolates were susceptible to all tested drugs. However, a single C. parapsilosis sensu stricto isolate presented MIC = 2 µg/ml for amphotericin B. Three C. orthopsilosis isolates showed MIC between 2-8 µg/ml for fluconazole by Vitek® 2 and MIC between 0.19-0.25 µg/ml for itraconazole by Etest®. C. metapsilosis isolates were susceptible to all tested drugs. The essential agreement between the Etest® or Vitek® 2 with the CLSI BMD for all drugs was excellent (100 percent), except for itraconazole (90.9 percent). The categorical agreement was 72.7 percent for itraconazole by Etest®, 97.5 percent for amphotericin B by Vitek® 2, and 100 percent for the other drugs by both methods compared with CLSI BMD. This study reinforces the importance of Etest® and Vitek® 2 methods in routine clinical microbiologycal laboratories to survey and detect differences in the profile of the antifungal susceptibility of C. parapsilosis sensu stricto, C. orthopsilosis, and C. metapsilosis isolates.


Subject(s)
Humans , Antifungal Agents , Candida , Fungemia
12.
Ciênc. Saúde Colet. (Impr.) ; 15(supl.1): 1715-1724, jun. 2010.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-555706

ABSTRACT

Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo que faz parte de uma pesquisa de avaliação de um curso de medicina com o uso de metodologias ativas de ensino-aprendizagem, baseada na triangulação de métodos. O objetivo é avaliar resultados relacionados ao conceito de clínica ampliada. As fontes de informação utilizadas no estudo abrangem dezessete entrevistas semiestruturadas com egressos e uma situação que simulava a prática médica, da qual participaram sete egressos e uma paciente simulada. A análise das informações e a produção dos dados baseiam-se no método de interpretação de sentidos, segundo referencial da hermenêutica-dialética. Os resultados apontam aspectos que fundamentam a clínica ampliada, evidenciados em duas temáticas: a relação médico-paciente e abordagem do paciente. Em termos de conclusão, observa-se que o curso de medicina avaliado se aproxima da formação do médico generalista, humanista, crítico e reflexivo, que pode intervir tanto nos diferentes níveis de atenção de saúde quanto no enfoque individual e coletivo. Conclui-se, ainda, que há limites para a efetivação de uma clínica ampliada nos diversos cenários de saúde.


This is a qualitative study that is part of an evaluation research of a medicine course with the use of active teaching-learning methodologies based on the triangulation of methods. The aim is to evaluate the results related to the extended general practice concept. The sources of information used in the study include 17 semi-structured interviews with ex-prisoners and a situation that simulated the medical practice, of which seven ex-prisoners and a simulated patient participated. The analysis of the information and the production of the data were based on the method of interpretation of senses, according to the referential hermeneutic-dialectic system. The results point to aspects that justify the extended general practice, evidenced in two themes: the doctor-patient relationship and the patient approach. In conclusion, it is observed that the evaluated medical course brings together the education of the general, humanist, critical and reflexive doctor that may intervene in the different levels of health attention as well as in the individual and collective approach. It is also concluded that there are limits in operating an extended general practice in diverse health situations.


Subject(s)
Humans , Education, Medical , Family Practice/education , Brazil , Patient Simulation , Prisoners
13.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 83(6): 523-528, Nov.-Dec. 2007. tab
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-472613

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a segurança da vacina combinada de difteria-tétano-coqueluche de células inteiras e Haemophilus influenzae tipo b usada no Programa Nacional de Imunizações, e em especial a incidência de episódios hipotônicos-hiporresponsivos. MÉTODO: Acompanhamento de uma coorte de 21.064 lactentes (20.925 ou 99,7 por cento aderiram ao protocolo de estudo), nas 48 horas após a aplicação da vacina de difteria, tétano, coqueluche de células inteiras e Haemophilus influenzae tipo b em centros de saúde na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, para determinar e investigar eventos adversos graves, espontâneos e solicitados. Cada criança foi monitorada durante somente uma dose. RESULTADOS: A incidência de episódios hipotônicos-hiporresponsivos foi de 1:1.744 doses (casos confirmados) e de 1:1.495 doses (casos confirmados mais casos suspeitos). A taxa de incidência de convulsões foi de 1:5.231 doses. Não foram detectados casos de apnéia. Esses resultados são comparáveis àqueles relatados na literatura para a vacina contra difteria-tétano-coqueluche de células inteiras. CONCLUSÃO: A vacina contra difteria, tétano, coqueluche de células inteiras e Haemophilus influenzae tipo b em estudo pode ser usada com segurança no Programa Nacional de Imunizações, de acordo com as precauções e contra-indicações correntes.


OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the safety of a combined diphtheria-tetanus-whole cell pertussis-Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine used on the Brazilian National Immunizations Program, chiefly the incidence of hypotonic-hyporesponsive episodes. METHOD: Follow-up of a cohort of 21,064 infants (20,925 or 99.7 percent adhered to the study protocol), within 48 hours of vaccination with diphtheria-tetanus-whole cell pertussis-Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine in health care units in the City of Rio de Janeiro, to ascertain and investigate spontaneous and solicited severe adverse events. Each child was followed-up for one dose only. RESULTS: The rate of hypotonic-hyporesponsive episodes was 1/1,744 doses (confirmed cases) and 1/1,495 doses (confirmed plus suspect cases). The rate of convulsions was 1/5,231 doses. No cases of apnea were detected. These results are comparable to those found in the literature with diphtheria-tetanus-whole cell pertussis vaccine. CONCLUSION: The diphtheria-tetanus-whole cell pertussis-Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine under study can be safely used in the National Immunizations Program, according to the current precautions and contraindications.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine/adverse effects , Fever/etiology , Haemophilus Vaccines/adverse effects , Immunization Programs/statistics & numerical data , Seizures/etiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Cohort Studies , Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine/administration & dosage , Diphtheria/prevention & control , Fever/epidemiology , Haemophilus Infections/prevention & control , Haemophilus Vaccines/administration & dosage , Incidence , Interviews as Topic , Severity of Illness Index , Seizures/epidemiology , Tetanus/prevention & control , Whooping Cough/prevention & control
14.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 50(2): 304-312, abr. 2006. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-435157

ABSTRACT

A disfunção endotelial está associada a diversas alterações vasculares, como a aterosclerose, hipertensão arterial, hiperlipidemia e diabetes mellitus, que têm em comum a resistência à insulina (RI). Citocinas são proteínas de baixo peso molecular, com diversas funções metabólicas e endócrinas, que participam da inflamação e resposta do sistema imune. Várias dessas citocinas são consideradas como fatores de risco independentes para doenças da artéria coronária e cerebrovascular. As principais fontes de citocinas (adipocinas) são os tecidos adiposos subcutâneo e visceral. Assim, aumento da massa de tecido adiposo está associado com alterações da produção de adipocina com aumento da expressão de fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-alfa), interleucina 6 (IL-6), inibidor do fator ativador de plasminogênio 1 (PAI-1), e diminuição da expressão de adiponectina no tecido adiposo. A condição pró-inflamatória associada a essas alterações sugere ligação entre RI e disfunção endotelial no estágio inicial do processo de aterosclerose, em indivíduos obesos e em pacientes diabéticos tipo 2. A redução da massa de tecido adiposo, por redução de peso associada a exercício físico, reduz TNF-alfa, IL-6 e PAI-1, aumenta adiponectina, e melhora tanto a sensibilidade à insulina quanto a função endotelial. A interação entre adipocinas e insulina no controle da função endotelial será discutida, bem como o conceito de que a alteração da secreção de adiponectinas na RI e/ou obesidade piora a função endotelial, além de diminuir ainda mais a sensibilidade à insulina.


Endothelial dysfunction is associated with several vascular conditions as atherosclerosis, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes mellitus. In all these conditions insulin resistance (IR) is present. Cytokines are low molecular weight proteins with several endocrine and metabolic functions that participate of inflammation and immune response. Several of these cytokines are independent risk factors for cerebrovascular and coronary artery disease. The major sources of cytokines (adipokines) are the visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues. Thus, increased adipose tissue mass is associated with alteration in adipokine production as over expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, and under expression of adiponectin in adipocite tissue. The pro-inflammatory status associated with these changes provides a potential link between IR and endothelial dysfunction, the early stage in the atherosclerotic process, in obese individuals, and type 2 diabetic patients. Reduction of adipose tissue mass through weight reduction in association with exercise reduces TNF-alpha, IL-6, and PAI-1, increases adiponectin, and is associated with improved insulin sensitivity and endothelial function. This review will focus on the evidence for regulation of endothelial function by insulin and the adypokines such as adyponectin, leptin, resistin, IL-6 and TNF-alpha. Interaction between insulin signaling and adypokines will be discussed, as well as the concept that aberrant adypokine secretion in IR and/or obesity impairs endothelial function and contributes further to reduce insulin sensitivity.


Subject(s)
Humans , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Cytokines/physiology , Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology , Insulin Resistance/physiology , Fatty Acids/physiology , Hypertension/complications , Inflammation/metabolism
15.
Cad. saúde pública ; 21(4)jul.-ago. 2005. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-404127

ABSTRACT

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar aspectos clínicos, hematológicos e moleculares de pacientes pediátricos portadores de anemia falciforme em duas cidades brasileiras: Salvador e São Paulo. Foram estudados 71 pacientes com idades variando entre 3 a 18 anos, analisando-se os seguintes aspectos: perfis hematológicos, haplótipos dos genes da globina b, presença de talassemia a-23.7kb, número de internações por vaso-oclusão, infecção, presença de acidente vascular cerebral e litíase biliar. O genótipo Ben/CAR predominou nas duas cidades. Talassemia a-23.7kb teve freqüência de 28,2 por cento em Salvador e 22,5 por cento em São Paulo. Os pacientes de São Paulo apresentaram um número maior de internações por vaso-oclusão nos diferentes genótipos. Esses dados sugeriram um fenótipo com menor gravidade clínica nos pacientes de Salvador, possivelmente relacionados a fatores genéticos, ambientais e sócio-econômicos. Estudos adicionais necessitam ser realizados com intuito de elucidar os efeitos moduladores na expressão gênica da doença.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Adolescent , Anemia, Sickle Cell , Pediatrics , Signs and Symptoms
16.
Rev. bras. hipertens ; 12(2): 97-102, abr.-jun. 2005. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-421622

ABSTRACT

Drogas que interferem com o sistema renina-angiotensina, como inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA), estão disponíveis por mais de 20 anos. Estas drogas são atualmente reconhecidas como muito efetivas no tratamento de pacientes com hipertensão, insuficiência cardíaca, nefropatia diabética ou pacientes com alto risco cardiovascular. O recente desenvolvimento de antagonistas seletivos para os receptores de angiotensina II (Ang II) levou a uma melhora significativa na tolerabilidade deste grupo de drogas, embora mantenha alta eficácia clinica. Nesta revisão, trataremos de destacar os mecanismos de ação e os principais efeitos farmacológicos dos inibidores da ECA e dos antagonistas de receptor de Ang II


Subject(s)
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors , Renin-Angiotensin System
17.
Rev. bras. hipertens ; 8(1): 76-88, jan.-mar. 2001. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-284129

ABSTRACT

O endotélio sadio exerce funçöes anticoagulante, vasodilatadora e antiinflamatória que säo essenciais para a manutençäo da homeostasia. Em várias doenças cardiovasculares, entre elas a hipertensäo arterial, ocorre disfunçäo endotelial. O endotélio normal tem funçäo protetora contra o desenvolvimento de lesöes vasculares mantendo a vasodilataçäo, inibindo a agregaçäo plaquetária, a adesäo leucocitária e a proliferaçäo das células musculares lisas. Essas açöes säo exercidas principalmente pelo óxido nítrico, considerado o mais importante fator endotelial, ou EDRF (do inglês Endothelial-Derived Relaxing Factor), ao lado da prostaciclina e do fator hiperpolarizante derivado do endotélio. O endotélio pode também gerar fatores contráteis conhecidos por EDCFs, como as endotelinas, a angiotensina II, as prostaglandinas vasoconstritoras e espécies reativas de oxigênio. A disfunçäo endotelial na hipertensäo leva a desequilíbrio da produçäo/liberaçäo dos fatores contráteis e relaxantes e: 1) provoca diminuiçäo da geraçäo de óxido nítrico/aumento das espécies reativas de oxigênio, aumentando dessa forma o tônus vascular; 2) contribui para o aumento da permeabilidade vascular levando à formaçäo de edema subendotelial; 3) aumenta a expressäo de moléculas de adesäo com conseqüente aumento da aderência leucocitária à parede vascular; 4) acelera a coagulaçäo intravascular; 5) aumenta a proliferaçäo de células musculares lisas, levando à hipertrofia/hiperplasia da parede vascular. Torna-se evidente assim que o endotélio tem papel central na hipertensäo, controlando a permeabilidade vascular, a adesäo leucocitária, a proliferaçäo de células musculares lisas, a coagulaçäo e o equilíbrio entre fatores endoteliais (os EDRFs e os EDCFs).


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Endothelium/physiology , Hypertension , Nitric Oxide/physiology , Angiotensin II
19.
São Paulo med. j ; 117(5): 197-204, Sept. 1999. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-250191

ABSTRACT

CONTEXT: The exact mechanism involved in changes in blood pressure and peripheral vascular resistance during pregnancy is unknown. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the importance of endothelium-derivated relaxing factor (EDRF) and its main component, nitric oxide, in blood pressure and vascular reactivity in pregnant rats. DESIGN: Clinical trial in experimentation animals. SETTING: University laboratory of Pharmacology. SAMPLE: Female Wistar rats with normal blood pressure, weight (152 to 227 grams) and age (90 to 116 days). INTERVENTION: The rats were divided in to four groups: pregnant rats treated with L-NAME (13 rats); pregnant control rats (8 rats); virgin rats treated with L-NAME (10 rats); virgin control rats (12 rats). The vascular preparations and caudal blood pressure were obtained at the end of pregnancy, or after the administration of L-NAME in virgin rats. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: The caudal blood pressure and the vascular response to acetylcholine in pre-contracted aortic rings, both with and without endothelium, and the effect of nitric oxide inhibition, Nw-L-nitro-arginine methyl-ester (L-NAME), in pregnant and virgin rats. The L-NAME was administered in the drinking water over a 10-day period. RESULTS: The blood pressure decreased in pregnancy. Aortic rings of pregnant rats were more sensitive to acetylcholine than those of virgin rats. After L-NAME treatment, the blood pressure increased and relaxation was blocked in both groups. The fetal-placental unit weight of the L-NAME group was lower than that of the control group. CONCLUSION: Acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation sensitivity was greater in pregnant rats and that blood pressure increased after L-NAME administration while the acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation response was blocked.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Pregnancy , Rats , Aorta/drug effects , Vasodilation/drug effects , Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology , Blood Pressure , Acetylcholine/pharmacology , NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester/pharmacology , Endothelium-Dependent Relaxing Factors/antagonists & inhibitors , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Nitric Oxide/antagonists & inhibitors , Rats, Wistar
20.
Rev. ginecol. obstet ; 9(1): 12-8, jan.-mar. 1998. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-216168

ABSTRACT

Os autores avaliam a aceitabilidade do preservativo feminino em pacientes, atendidas em Hospital Publico do Estado de Säo Paulo. Analisam as vantagens e dificuldades relatadas pelas usuárias, propondo estratégias para reduzir fatores considerados näo satisfatorios, de forma a ampliar o número de usuárias e eventuais beneficios obtidos em relaçäo a indicadores da saúde da mulher


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Condoms, Female/supply & distribution , Health Status Indicators , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/transmission , Brazil , Family Development Planning , Interviews as Topic , Patient Acceptance of Health Care , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control
SELECTION OF CITATIONS
SEARCH DETAIL